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likely than nonusers to engage in risky sexual behavior and that they are less likely than nonusers to rely on condoms. In some studies, condom use has been treated as one component of a sexual-risk index, which is then related to substance use. In other research, condom use has been treated as a separate independent variable, which is then related to substance use directly. In this article, we separate condom use from other forms of sexual risk-taking (such as having multiple partners or exchanging sex for money or drugs). This allows us to consider the separate associations between substance use and sexual risk-taking and between substance use and condom use, as well as the joint effect of substance use and sexual risk-taking on condom use. More important, by separating other sexual risks from condom use in our analysis, we can evaluate condom use in four different contexts: situations combining substance use and risky sex; situations involving substance use but no risky sex; situations involving no substance use but risky sex; and situations combining no substance use and no risky sex. Most researchers have hypothesized that substance use is associated with higher sexual risk-taking and reduced condom use because it lowers inhibitions and impairs judgment.5 If this is the case, we would expect to find the lowest rates of condom use among persons who use substances, irrespective of their sexual riskDavid F. Sly is professor with the Center for the Study of Population; David Quadagno is professor in the Department of Biological Sciences; Dianne F. Harrison is dean of the School of Social Work; and Isaac W. Eberstein is a professor and Kara Riehman is a graduate assistant with the Center for the Study of Population; all at Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fla. The research on which this article is based was supported by grant Ro1HD31025-01-04 from the National Institutes of Health. The Association Between Substance Use, Condom Use And Sexual Risk Among Low-Income Women